Object's details: Pandectistic legal thought during the time of transition from Czardom to Soviet Russia. Contemplations on incorporating the Russian perspective into the study of Roman law

Provider:Platforma Otwartych Czasopism Naukowych UAM

Description

Title:
Pandectistic legal thought during the time of transition from Czardom to Soviet Russia. Contemplations on incorporating the Russian perspective into the study of Roman law
Creator:
Avenarius, Martin
Description:
Research on the history of Roman Law in Russia does not only contribute to the knowledge of Russian private law history, but can also be of value for the understanding of Roman Law itself. The account of its historical influence on Russian law and its reception in Russia can induce a reflection on the perception held by those jurists whose perspective of Roman Law - as they were almost completely unaffected by its long-lasting reception in Western and Central Europe – is different. An investigation into the nature of this perspective requires first and foremost an examination of the peculiar reception of Roman Law in Russia. This includes an analysis of the continuance of Pandectistic Legal Thought after the Socialist October Revolution of 1917. Although the law was also one of the objects targeted for radical change, in fact in a lot of respects it remained untouched. Therefore, this development can be considered not only with respect to discontinuity, but also from the perspective of continuity in legal thought. In July of 1922 a committee on the codification of the civil law was set up, directed by Vasilij Krasnokutskij. This jurist is hardly known today because his relevance in regard to the drafting process has continuously been downplayed by Soviet scholars. Nevertheless, he can serve as an example of how the committee, when drafting the code, resorted to some texts based on Pandectistics and, thereby, to the Romanist tradition. A professor in Czarist Russia, Krasnokutskij was an expert on Baltic and Polish regional law (Partikularrecht), which were two private law systems within Czarist Russia eminently akin to Roman Law. Additionally, in the Soviet epoch he published several works on Roman Law. Consequently, Krasnokutskij can - with some reservations - be identified as a "Romanist." The main objections to the committee's draft were directed at its allegedly "bourgeois" character and a perceived insufficiency of provisions allowing for state intervention in the code. In order to meet the concerns, the Bolshevik jurist Aleksandr Gojchbarg was entrusted with the revision of the Krasnokutskij draft. As a consequence, the Civil Code which became effective in 1923 does show certain important elements characteristic of Socialist Legal Thought. But a closer inspection reveals that these cannot be qualified as the outcome of the consistent application of a carefully designed Socialist concept of civil law, but rather as evenly distributed fragments of Socialist Legal Thought blending in with the pre-existing body of law resulting in what later appeared to be an independent Socialist version of civil law. Despite these corrections the influence of the civil law tradition specific to Western Europe still remains clearly discernable in the code. It is based on civil law systems which had already been in existence, namely both pre-revolutionary civil law drafts and the German Civil Code. As Krasnokutskijs' example shows, one of the main reasons for the impact of Roman Legal Thought on early post-revolutionary Russia can be found in the continued influence of certain jurists. Those jurists who were able to stay in the country after the demise of Czardom and participate in the building of the new legal order had studied their subject under the mediate influence of German Jurisprudence at the universities of Czarist Russia. They passed on a specific kind of legal reasoning which had been derived from the legal positivism of the second half of the 19th century and originated in Pandectistics itself.;
L'etude de l'histoire du droit romain en Russie ne contribue pas uniquement a la connaissance de l'histoire du droit prive russe, mais elle permet egalement une meileure connaissance du droit romain lui-meme. L'analyse de l'histoire des effets du droit romain en Russie permet d'etudier la perception de ce dernier par des juristes se trouvant presque entierement en dehors de l'histoire seculaire des effets du droit romain en Europe occidentale et centrale et possedant donc leur propre perspective. Mais l'etude de cette perspective implique tout d'abord une discussion sur l'histoire des effets du droit romain caracteristique pour la Russie. Entre autre, il s'agit ici de l'etude de l'ef fet continu latent de la pensée pandectistique aprés la révolution russe de 1917. S'il est vrai que la révolution aurait du provoquer un bouleversement radical egalement dans le domaine du droit, on sait aujourd'hui qu'elle a, d'une maniere latente, laisse beaucoup perdurer dans ce domaine. Nous ne pouvons donc pas considerer ce developpement uniquement comme une rupture mais donc aussi comme la perspective d'une continiute dans la pensee juridique. En juillet 1922, une commission de codification du droit civil a ete fondee par Vasilij Krasnokutskij. Ce juriste a aujourd'hui presque ete oublie, car la litterature sovietique a systematiquement minimise son importance dans le domaine de la legislation. Mais son exemple montre cependant que la codification etait influencee par les textes bases sur la doctrine pandectistique et en cela par la tradition des romanistes. Sous l'Empire des Tsars, Krasnokutskij etait professeur specialise en droit baltique et polonais, c'est-a-dire dans les ordres juridiques prives les plus proches du droit romain. Pendant l'epoque sovietique, il publiat plusieurs ouvrages sur le droit romain. On peut donc considerer Krasnokutskij – avec certaines precautions d'usage – comme un ≪ romaniste ≫. Le reproche principal fait au projet de la commission etait que le codex avait ete redige de facon ≪ bourgeoise ≫, negligeant les reserves en faveur des actions etatiques. Pour aller dans le sens de la critique, le juriste bolchevique Aleksandr Gojchbarg a donc ete charge de la revision du projet Krasnokutskij. Du coup le code civil, entre en vigueur en 1923, presente evidement des caaracteristiques importantes de l'idee socialiste du droit. En les analysants plus precisement, ces caracteristiques ne sont pas un developpement resultant du droit prive socialiste, mais plus un decalage ≪ impose ≫ par la pensee socialiste en droit. Malgre les corrections, on distingue sans difficultes dans le code civil, l'influence de la tradition du droit prive de l'Europe centrale et occidentale. Le code se basait sur des modeles de droit prive deja existants, en particulier sur le projet de droit des obligations de 1913 et egalement sur le code civil allemand. L'influence de Krasnokutskij est donc un exemple montrant que les courants de la pensee juridique romaine en Europe centrale et occidentale sur la jeune Russie postrevolutionnaire sont aussi a rechercher dans la continuite personnelle. En effet, les juristes restes sur place apres la chute de l'Empire des Tsars et participants a la reorganisation du droit, avaient etudie dans les universites de l'Empire, et avaient ete indirectement influences par la jurisprudence allemande. Ils traduisirent donc une pensee juridique specifique, issue de la doctrine pandectistique, et dont les origines sont a chercher dans le positivisme de la deuxieme partie du 19eme siecle.;
Wstępne uwagi programowe. Badanie dziejów prawa rzymskiego w Rosji może przynieść różnorodne korzyści. Jedną z kwestii godnych takich badań jest wpływ, jaki prawo rzymskie wywierało na system prawny, który obowiązywał w przedrewolucyjnej Rosji. W stopniu wysoce niewystarczającym zbadano w szczególności kwestie recepcji prawa rzymskiego oraz transferu prawa. Te zagadnienia należą do takich obszarów badawczych, jak „historia oddziaływania prawa rzymskiego” oraz „historia prawa prywatnego”. Korzyścią z zajmowania się nimi może być poszerzenie wiedzy o prawie rzymskim jako takim. Przykładowo, tocząca się przede wszystkim w XIX stuleciu debata rosyjskich prawników, czy powinno się brać prawo rzymskie za wzór, rozjaśnia w jakimś stopniu kwestię atrakcyjności porządku prawnego, opartego na tekstach pochodzących z czasów starożytnych. Dzięki argumentom zwolenników recepcji tego prawa można wywnioskować, że doceniono tkwiący w nich metodologiczny i pojęciowy potencjał, który został pomnożony na użytek ówczesnej dogmatyki przez dziewiętnastowieczną pandektystykę.
Object availability:
free access
Rights: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Date:
2008.12.31
Type:
info:eu-repo/semantics/article;
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Language:
Polish
Source:
Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne; Vol. 60 No. 2 (2008); 37-55;
Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne; Tom 60 Nr 2 (2008); 37-55;
2720-2186;
0070-2471
Format:
application/pdf
Publisher:
Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan
Relation: http://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/cph/article/view/42002/35289
Subject:
prawo rzymskie;
pandektystyka;
wpływ prawa obcego;
Pandectism;
influence of foreign law;
Roman law;
droit romain;
Pandectisme;
influence du droit étranger
Identifier: http://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/cph/article/view/42002
Data provider:
Platforma Otwartych Czasopism Naukowych UAM

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