Description

• Title:
  Diagnosis and approach to glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency and glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome
• Creator:
  Kiełczewska, Aleksandra;
  Szcześniak, Grzegorz;
  Kiełczewska, Anna
• Description:
  Introduction and purpose: Primary adrenal insufficiency can result from diseases affecting the adrenal glands, while secondary adrenal insufficiency is caused by suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The most common cause of adrenal suppression is exogenous steroids, a condition recently termed glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency (GIAI). Glucocorticoid-induced adrenal suppression is a common adverse effect of glucocorticoid therapy, which can have severe consequences. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnosis and management of glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency and glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome. Material and methods: An extensive examination of articles published in scientific journals was carried out through online research  platforms PubMed and Google Scholar.  We searched articles by entering keywords in appropriate configuration: “glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency”, “glucocorticoids”, “steroids”, “adrenal crisis”, “substitution therapy”, “glucocorticoid withdrawal”. Description of the state of knowledge: Glucocorticoids are widely used in the treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune disorders due to their potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. However, chronic glucocorticoid therapy can lead to a number of adverse effects, including adrenal suppression, which can result in adrenal insufficiency. Summary: Primary care clinicians should recognize the high prevalence of glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency in patients receiving non-oral glucocorticoid formulations. The glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome exhibits symptoms analogous to glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency. Additional data on the morbidity and mortality linked to glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency is needed to comprehend the associated health risks, which will ultimately guide the approach to care for patients tapering long-term glucocorticoid therapy.
• Object availability:
  free access
• Rights:
  Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Aleksandra Kiełczewska, Grzegorz Szcześniak, Anna Kiełczewska;
  https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
• Date:
  2024.11.02
• Type:
  info:eu-repo/semantics/article;
  info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
• Language:
  English
• Source:
  Journal of Education, Health and Sport; Vol. 70 (2024); 55790;
  Journal of Education, Health and Sport; Tom 70 (2024); 55790;
  2391-8306
• Format:
  application/pdf
• Publisher:
  Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
• Relation: https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/55790/40259
• Subject:
  glucocorticoid withdrawal;
  substitution therapy;
  adrenal crisis;
  steroids;
  glucocorticoids;
  glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency
• Identifier: https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/55790
• Data provider:
  Akademicka Platforma Czasopism
• Can I use it?:
  seek permission
• Type:
  text