Description

• Title:
  Post-COVID-19 Otolaryngological Manifestations: The Review
• Creator:
  Kandefer, Tomasz;
  Sroka, Maria;
  Walkowski, Radosław Jan;
  Barański, Marcin;
  Klonowska, Justyna;
  Kosek, Szymon;
  Wasiniewska, Weronika
• Description:
  The World Health Organization defines Post-COVID-19 syndrome as the continuation or development of new symptoms occurring at least 3 months after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, lasting for at least 2 months and unexplainable by alternative diagnoses. Meta-analyses estimate a pooled global Post-COVID-19 prevalence of 36% among COVID-19 positive individuals, with geographic variations and persistence of symptoms even at 1-2 year follow-up. The pathophysiology of otolaryngological manifestations involves multiple mechanisms: damage to non-neuronal cells in the olfactory epithelium via ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors for smell disorders; microvascular damage, direct viral invasion, and inflammatory responses for audiovestibular symptoms; and direct viral impact, vagus nerve neuropathy, and systemic inflammation for upper airway and voice disorders. Management strategies include olfactory training for smell disorders (57% improvement with adherence), hearing aids and vestibular rehabilitation for audiovestibular symptoms, and voice therapy and pharmaceutical interventions for dysphonia. This review synthesizes current knowledge on Post-COVID-19 otolaryngological manifestations and identifies knowledge gaps in pathophysiological mechanisms and optimal treatment approaches, highlighting the need for standardized assessment protocols, longer-term follow-up studies and establishment of evidence-based multidisciplinary care protocols through controlled clinical trials.
• Object availability:
  free access
• Rights: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 ;
  Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Tomasz Kandefer, Maria Sroka, Radosław Jan Walkowski, Marcin Barański, Justyna Klonowska, Szymon Kosek, Weronika Wasiniewska
• Date:
  2025.06.26
• Type:
  info:eu-repo/semantics/article;
  info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
• Language:
  English
• Source:
  Quality in Sport; Tom 42 (2025); 61231;
  Quality in Sport; Vol. 42 (2025); 61231;
  2450-3118
• Format:
  application/pdf
• Publisher:
  University Center for Sports Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
• Relation: https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/61231/42986
• Subject:
  Post-COVID-19 Syndrome;
  olfaction disorders;
  tinnitus;
  hearing loss;
  olfactory training
• Identifier: https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/61231
• Data provider:
  Akademicka Platforma Czasopism
• Can I use it?:
  seek permission
• Type:
  text