Description

• Title:
  Biodegradation of Chloroxylenol by Cunninghamella elegans IM 1785/21GP and Trametes versicolor IM 373: Insight into Ecotoxicity and Metabolic Pathways
• Creator:
  Góralczyk-Bińkowska, Aleksandra;
  Nowak, Marta;
  Zawadzka, Katarzyna;
  Lisowska, Katarzyna;
  Szemraj, Janusz
• Contributor:
  Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
  Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Łódź, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Łódź, Poland;
  aleksandra.goralczyk@biol.uni.lodz.pl
• Description:
  Chloroxylenol (PCMX) is applied as a preservative and disinfectant in personal care products, currently recommended for use to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Its intensive application leads to the release of PCMX into the environment, which can have a harmful impact on aquatic and soil biotas. The aim of this study was to assess the mechanism of chloroxylenol biodegradation by the fungal strains Cunninghamella elegans IM 1785/21GP and Trametes versicolor IM 373, and investigate the ecotoxicity of emerging by-products. The residues of PCMX and formed metabolites were analysed using GC-MS. The elimination of PCMX in the cultures of tested microorganisms was above 70%. Five fungal by-products were detected for the first time. Identified intermediates were performed by dechlorination, hydroxylation, and oxidation reactions catalysed by cytochrome P450 enzymes and laccase. A real-time quantitative PCR analysis confirmed an increase in CYP450 genes expression in C. elegans cells. In the case of T. versicolor, spectrophotometric measurement of the oxidation of 2,20-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) showed a significant rise in laccase activity during PCMX elimination. Furthermore, with the use of bioindicators from different ecosystems (Daphtoxkit F and Phytotoxkit), it was revealed that the biodegradation process of PCMX had a detoxifying nature.
• Object availability:
  free access
• Rights:
  Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe;
  http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
• Date:
  2021.10.01;
  2021
• Type:
  Article
• Language:
  English
• Format:
  application/pdf
• Publisher:
  MDPI
• Relation:
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences;22, 4360
• Subject:
  biodegradation;
  chloroxylenol;
  cytochrome P450;
  detoxification;
  environmental xenobiotics;
  filamentous fungi;
  laccase
• Identifier:
  Nowak, M.; Zawadzka, K.; Szemraj, J.; Góralczyk-Bi ´nkowska, A.; Lisowska, K. Biodegradation of Chloroxylenol by Cunninghamella elegans IM 1785/21GP and Trametes versicolor IM 373: Insight into Ecotoxicity and Metabolic Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 4360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094360;
  1422-0067;
  http://hdl.handle.net/11089/39303 ;
  10.3390/ijms22094360
• Data provider:
  Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
• Can I use it?:
  check license
• Type:
  image